All'ombra
dei muri - La trama
Poesia:
cortocircuiti di senzo fra le parole
Bruno
Schulz
Tra il 1941 e il 1942 lo scrittore ebreo Bruno Schulz visse a
Drohobycz, un paese della Galizia, nella villa di Felix Landau, un comandante delle SS, dove dipingeva degli affreschi murali per i
figli. Ma chi era Bruno Schulz? Come divenne, lui, un ebreo, il pittore privato di un comandante
nazista? E perché nel maggio 2001 i collaboratori del memoriale dell'Olocausto a Yad Vashem hanno staccato a martellate gli affreschi dalle pareti per trasportarli in tutta segretezza e illegalmente in
Israele? Lo scrittore ebreo Bruno Schulz (1892-1942) viveva nella zona russa della
Galizia, che oggi appartiene all'Ucraina. Scriveva in polacco, ma non si dedicava esclusivamente alla
scrittura. Pitturava e insegnava disegno al ginnasio di Drohobycz. La sua opera grafica - disegni e acqueforti riconducibili stilisticamente a Goya e all'espressionismo - costituisce un importante contributo all'avanguardia
polacca. Le sue opere letterarie sono state tradotte in 26 lingue. «La poesia - dei cortocircuiti di significato tra le parole.» Il documentario
«Bilder Finden» (Trovare le immagini/i quadri) di Benjamin Geissler inizia con queste parole di Bruno Schulz. Il cineasta si lascia guidare da loro come da un motto e accompagna il pubblico verso gli stessi
«cortocircuiti di significato» tra le immagini. Nel 1999 lo scrittore Christian Geissler incitò il
figlio, il regista documentario Benjamin Geissler, a cercare gli affreschi di Bruno Schulz, ormai
scomparsi. «Bilder Finden» documenta la ricerca, la scoperta e la nuova scomparsa dei
quadri. Dopo minuziose ricerche Geissler riesce a rinvenire nel febbraio 2001 gli affreschi creduti
persi. Nel maggio dello stesso anno, durante le riprese del film, collaboratori dello Yad Vashem s'impossessano degli affreschi esportandoli illegalmente in
Israele. L'incredibile azione provoca una controversia internazionale. Le autorità ucraine e polacche parlano di
crimine. Ma come si esprimono gli ebrei di Drohobycz in Ucraina e in Israele? E cosa accadde veramente a
Drohobycz? «Bilder Finden» presenta un mosaico, accuratamente composto, di
testimonianze, pubblicate ed inedite, su Bruno Schulz, la sua opera e i suoi ultimi
giorni. Con la sovrapposizione di vari livelli d'immagine, Geissler accenna alla sovrapposizione dei ricordi e al carattere di palinsesto dei propri
reperti. Le sovrapposizioni possono essere intese anche in modo assolutamente
realistico, visto che gli affreschi, ricoperti da vari strati di colore, devono prima essere portati alla
luce. Del resto nemmeno i ricordi dei testimoni dell'epoca sono sempre esenti da
incrostazioni. «Bilder Finden» è una costruzione complessa quanto poetica, che documenta e riflette le condizioni della ricerca e del film
documentario. Un film dedicato, appunto, al ritrovamento delle immagini. (ft)
ASSOCIAZIONE
SVIZZERA DEI GIORNALISTI CINEMATOGRAFICI ASGC
^
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All'ombra
dei muri –
Festivals, proiezioni speciali, premi, TV
^
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River
Film Fest - The World of Josef K., Pisek, CZ 2009
Bruno
Schulz Festival, Dublin, IE 2008
National
Yiddish Book Center, Amherst, Massachusetts 2007.
Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik
Capturing
the... truth? Changing Strategies in Documentary
Cinema
Panel
Session „The Filmmaker as Detective“ - Finding Pictures, Thursday, February
10, 2005.
Paideia - The European Institute for Jewish Studies in Sweden, Stockholm
Polish-Jewish
writers and double identity. The authors Bruno Schulz, J. Stykowski and Isaac B. Singer
Screening - Finding Pictures,
Polska Institutet, Villagatan 2, Sunday, February 6, 2005.
TV-Broadcast:
MDR, Germany, Mittwoch, 02.02.2005, 23:35
TV-Broadcast:
ARD Digital, Germany, - Gedenktag der Opfer des Nationalsozialismus, Freitag, 28.01.2005, 23:30
Fundacja Judaica - Centrum Kultury Żydowskiej - The Judaica
Foundation
- Center for Jewish Culture, Krakow, Poland.
Jointly organized with the Italian Culture Institute in Cracow.
Literature and Remembrance - Screening - Finding
Pictures – Introduction by Prof. Jerzy Jarzębski, 19.01.2005
Musée d'art et d'histoire du Judaïsme, 71 rue du Temple, 75003 Paris, France, 7.11.2004
TV-Broadcast: TVP1, Poland 5.+12.11.2004
Jewish Eye World Jewish Film Festival, Tel Aviv, Israel, 29.10.2004 – in
competition
TV-Broadcast:
MDR, Germany, Sunday, 29.09.2004,
23:35
Festival „Der neue Heimatfilm” #17,
Freistadt, Austria (PDF) 25.-29.8.2004
AUDIENCE AWARD -
PUBLIKUMSPREIS Festival „Der neue Heimatfilm” for BILDER FINDEN
9. International Literature Festival
Leukerbad, Switzerland
2.+3.7.2004
Filmkunstfest
Schwerin, Deutschland 9.5.2004
Warsaw Int. Jewish Film Festival,18.4.2004 - 27.4.2004
PHOENIX AWARD for FINDING PICTURES
32nd
Belgrade International Film Festival FEST, 27.2.2004 - 07.3.2004
First Broadcast by:
ARTE, 23.02.04 - 22:20
Hamburg, Kino 3001, 29. Jan. – 4. Feb. 2004
Academy of Arts, Berlin, 25. Jan. 2004
And Panel with: Benjamin
Geissler, Jerzy Jarzebski (Prof. Polish Literature, Bruno Schulz-Biograpfer,
Kraków, Poland), Krzysztof
Czyzewski (President Borderland Foundation, Sejny, Poland), Frank Golczewski (Professor for
East-Europaen Studies, Hamburg), Siegfried
Zielinski (Member of the Academy of Arts, Prof. at the Academy of Media Arts, Cologne)
Toronto, Beth Tzedec Synagoge / Goethe
Institut, Canada, Dec. 2003
Harvard University, Cambridge, USA, Nov. 2003
Filmclub
L'viv University, Ukraine, Nov. 2003
Uniwersytet Maria
Curie-Skldowska, Lublin, Poland, Nov. 2003
MOLODIST Kyiv International Film Festival 2003
Ukrainian
Premiere, Special Event
Leipzig, DOK Festival for Documentary and Animated Films 2003
German
Premiere, Special Event
AFO 2003
International Film Festival, Czech Premiere
The AFO Grand Prix 2003 for "Finding Pictures" -
Velká cena AFO 2003, Bilder Finden
(Hledání obrazu) (PDF)
Locarno Film Festival 2003 Switzerland Premiere
Semaine de la Critique - 14. édition
Cracow Film Festival
2003 Polish Premiere, Opening film
KINO: Co sie wydarzylo w Drohobyczu Bilder finden
(Odnalezc obrazy). Tadeusz Lubelski (Maj 2003, 5/432)
Montreal Jewish Film Festival
2003 Canadian Premiere FINDING PICTURES
New York, World Premiere:
FINDING PICTURES, November 19, 2002
Center for Jewish History , 15 West 16th Street, New York City, 10011
presented by the Center for Jewish History with the YIVO Institute for Research and the Jewish Heritage Project, in association with
Goethe-Institut - New York, the Polish Cultural Institute,
New York, the Institute for the Humanities at New York University, and PEN American Center.
^
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Indice – Stampa internazionale
/ Critiche
La
Repubblica
Corriere del Ticino - 56th Locarno International Film Festival
New York Times
– Front Page – Artwork by Holocaust Victim Is Focus of Dispute
New York Times
– Arts – World Premiere –
In Search of a Creative Light the Nazis Tried to Blot Out
KINO
– What
happened in Drohobych – 43rd Cracow Film Festival, Poland
Boston Review
- Who Owns Bruno Schulz? – by Benjamin Paloff
filmfestivals.com:
JEWISH FILM FESTIVAL IN WARSAW - by Alex Deleon-Pevny
Stampa / Critiche in tedesco
^
Torna in alto
La
Repubblica, 15.3.2001
Ritrovati
gli affreschi di Schulz
un'importane
scoperta
Jurko
Prochasko
Stampa internazionale / Critiche – Indice ^
Torna in alto
Il
9 febbraio scorso il regista di documentari Benjamin Geissler, di Amburgo, suo
padre, lo scrittore Christian Geissler, e la loro piccola équipe internazionale
hanno ritrovato sulle pareti del magazzino di una villa a Drohobycz nella
Galizia orientale (Ucraina), sotto almeno tre strati di gesso di vari colori di
pitture sovrapposte in epoca più tarda, gli affreschi di Bruno Schulz. Né il
luogo del ritrovamento, né le sue circostanze, né i suoi autori erano casuali.
Tanto meno casuali erano le circostanze della nascita di queste opere.
Drohobycz sarebbe comunque diventata famosa in tutto il mondo. Anche senza Bruno
Schulz. Questo è sicuro tanto quanto il fatto che il Rynok di Drohobycz è
quadrato e ogni suo lato può ospitare almeno una farmacia. Quanto il fatto che
le botteghe color cannella oggi sono chiuse a tempo indeterminato. Quanto il
fatto che la piazza di pietra del Mercato con un municipio in stile Francesco
Giuseppe nel mezzo, ha da tempo smesso di crescere, mentre il nuovo centro di
Drohobycz, lo Strassenmarkt continua a espandersi su superfici sempre più vaste
nel cuore della città. Si può trovare proprio tutto o quasi tutto in questo
mercato.
Senza Bruno Schulz i ricordi che di Drohobycz hanno i pochissimi ebrei
sopravvissuti alla Shoa, i numerosi profughi polacchi del dopoguerra e gli
ucraini di prima della guerra che hanno vissuto i loro ultimi giorni nella
città,
non sarebbero stati certo meno indelebili, né meno tragici. Ma con lui tutti
quelli che sono nati a Drohobycz e che ora sono sparsi nel mondo hanno un
denominatore comune con cui possono rappresentare meglio a se stessi e agli
altri l'aritmetica della loro vita, una formula magica che resta sempre efficace: Bruno Schulz.
Bruno Schulz (1892-1942) sarebbe diventato famoso anche senza la sua arte
grafica. I due piccoli volumi Le botteghe color cannella del 1934 e il Sanatorio
all'insegna della clessidra uscito nel 1937 presso l'editore Hanser, gli hanno
procurato riconoscimenti di portata mondiale. Sono nati dagli strati mitologici
della fantasia, profondi certo quanto i pozzi di petrolio di un tempo a Boryslaw, ma, a differenza di
questi, inesauribili.
Bruno Schulz sarebbe diventato noto anche solo con le parole. Ma raramente si
trova in un artista un'opera visiva così congeniale a quella verbale, come nel
caso di Schulz. Le scene dallo Shtetl; e quelle belle ragazze nude davanti alle
quali uomini con lo stesso viso pieno di passione si piegano fino a terra;
quelle fantasmagoriche scene notturne e quelle grottesche rivoluzioni nel
ristretto ambiente, confortevole e minaccioso, della piccola cittadina. E sempre
il padre, padre e figlio.
Stampa internazionale / Critiche – Indice ^
Torna in alto
Schulz sarebbe impensabile senza Drohobycz. Che fu l'inizio e la fine del suo
mondo, Anche reale. I pochi tentativi di diventare cittadino del mondo finirono
sempre e per sempre a Drohobycz. Invece di compiere gli studi a Vienna, invece
delle gallerie parigine, conobbe il posto di insegnante ginnasiale ottenuto a
fatica nell'universo burocratico della Seconda Repubblica polacca. E l'universo
Drohobycz.
Prima del 1941 Schulz non avrebbe mai pensato alle pitture murali. Già nel 1939
aveva dovuto dipingere enormi immagini di Stalin su tela, ma la tecnica della
pittura murale allora gli era ancora sconosciuta. Ma anche dopo l'occupazione
nazista della sua città non è arrivato a usare questa tecnica spontaneamente
ma per necessità.
Questa tecnica non era congeniale alla sua opera ma piuttosto alle sue nuove
condizioni di vita. Saul Raphael Landau, un fervente sionista e stretto
collaboratore di Theodor Herzl, poteva mai pensare nel 1897 quando arrivò a
Drohobycz da Vienna per convincere gli ebrei che lavoravano alle raffinerie ad
andare in Palestina e per scrivere un libro sulle loro condizioni di vita quasi
inimmaginabili che nel 1941 un altro Landau, anche lui di Vienna, sarebbe
arrivato a Drohobycz? E poteva immaginare che questo secondo Landau avrebbe
avuto a che fare con gli ebrei? Il capo delle Ss Felix Landau, nato a Vienna nel
1910, viene trasferito nel 1941 a Drohobycz dove si fa chiamare di buon grado
"generale degli ebrei".
Ha presso di sé due bambini avuti dalla prima moglie da cui si è separato e
una nuova compagna molto giovane e determinata. Vanno ad abitare in un
appartamento situato in una bella casa, dall'aspetto piuttosto originale per
Drohobycz, che ancora oggi viene chiamata Villa Landau.
Per amore verso l'amica, che egli sposa poco dopo, Landau tiene un diario dove
descrive la sua attiva partecipazione all'uccisione degli ebrei. La giovane
coppia, per noia e senso di solitudine, spara dal balcone della villa sulle
ragazze ebree che lavorano nel giardino sottostante. Spesso spara anche su
passanti.
Ma Landau ha anche sensibilità per le cose dello spirito. Ad esempio dirige un
maneggio a Drohobycz riservato alle Ss e alla Gestapo. E ne fa ornare le pareti
da un certo insegnante di disegno del luogo, che si dice sia un grande artista.
A questo incarico ne seguono altri. Il signor Landau è persona fine e autentico
aristocratico. E anche un conoscitore d'arte. E un buon padre. Il suo ebreo di
Corte deve infine pitturare la stanza dei bambini nel suo appartamento con
figure tratte da fiabe tedesche. Ma non è il solo ad avere ebrei di Corte.
Il 19 novembre 1942, giorno che più tardi verrà chiamato "giovedì
nero", durante una selvaggia azione punitiva in cui morirono 230 ebrei di
Drohobycz, Bruno Schulz venne ucciso per la strada con un colpo di pistola da un
altro capo delle Ss, Karl Gunter. Qualche tempo prima Landau ha ammazzato il suo
dentista ebreo.
Non era facile trovare le pitture. Ma alla fine fu più facile di quanto ci
aspettassimo. Passarono anni dopo la guerra fino a che tornò il ricordo
dell'esistenza di Schulz.
Drohobycz apparteneva all' Urss. Per dieci anni, dal 1948 al 1958,
nell'appartamento dove aveva vissuto il mecenate Landau, vissero delle persone
che potevano vedere ogni giorno le figure fiabesche dipinte sulle pareti di una
piccola stanza: re e regina, suonatori di flauto e danzatori, cocchi e nani. E
un mostro. Ma senza sapere nulla di Schulz. Nessuno nell'Urss doveva avere idea
di chi fosse Schulz. Passarono altri dieci anni fino a che alcuni ricercatori
polacchi, soprattutto Jerzy Ficowski, poeta e massimo conoscitore di Schulz, che
era stato un tempo prigioniero di un lager, poterono arrivare a Drohobycz. Ma le
pitture risalenti alla guerra erano state dappertutto coperte o anche cancellate. Anche sulle
pareti. E così non hanno trovato dipinti, nonostante
avessero cercato a fondo. Ma hanno scoperto degli allievi di Schulz che non
erano stati uccisi e non erano andati via dalla città. Allora erano 3, oggi
sono solo 2.
Trovare immagini è anche il titolo del film che il regista Benjamin Geissler e
suo padre, lo scrittore Christian Geissler, hanno ideato. La preistoria, ossia
il modo in cui essi arrivarono a questa idea, non è meno avvincente e meno
importante della storia del film e degli affreschi. Ma non possiamo ancora
rivelare troppo del film che ancora non è finito. Ad ogni modo essi hanno
deciso di cercare i dipinti, andati perduti, della stanza dei bambini di Landau
a Drohobycz. All'inizio erano tutti scettici. E sono rimasti scettici fino alla
fine, fino al momento del ritrovamento.
Anch'io ero scettico quando Benjamin Geissler mi aveva chiamato, qualche
settimana prima, domandandomi se ero d'accordo a fargli da assistente nel suo
nuovo film. Non ero scettico sul film in sé. Non credevo al ritrovamento degli
affreschi. Lui mi disse al telefono: «Io li troverò». E aveva ragione.
Il team del film è formato da quattro persone: i due Geissler, Marek Slaski, il
nostro direttore del suono polacco, e io, traduttore ucraino e studioso di
letteratura. Ci sono poi due assistenti di Lemberg e la padrona di casa che ci
ospita e che abita proprio di fronte ai giardini intorno a casa Landau.
Stampa internazionale / Critiche – Indice
^
Torna in alto
Casa Landau spicca sulle altre: un creativo architetto polacco così si dice
l'aveva fatta costruire per sé. NelIl 9 febbraio scorso il regista di
documentari Benjamin Geissler, di Amburgo, suo padre, lo scrittore Christian
Geissler, e la loro piccola équipe internazionale hanno ritrovato sulle pareti
del magazzino di una villa a Drohobycz nella Galizia orientale (Ucraina), sotto
almeno tre strati di gesso di vari colori di pitture sovrapposte in epoca più
tarda, gli affreschi di Bruno Schulz. Né il luogo del ritrovamento, né le sue
circostanze, né i suoi autori erano casuali. Tanto meno casuali erano le
circostanze della nascita di queste opere. Drohobycz sarebbe comunque diventata
famosa in tutto il mondo. Anche senza Bruno Schulz. Questo è sicuro tanto
quanto il fatto che il Rynok di Drohobycz è quadrato e ogni suo lato può
ospitare almeno una farmacia. Quanto il fatto che le botteghe color cannella
oggi sono chiuse a tempo indeterminato. Quanto il fatto che la piazza di pietra
del Mercato con un municipio in stile Francesco Giuseppe nel mezzo, ha da tempo
smesso di crescere, mentre il nuovo centro di Drohobycz, lo Strassenmarkt
continua a espandersi su superfici sempre più vaste nel cuore della città. Si
può trovare proprio tutto - o quasi tutto - in questo mercato. Senza Bruno
Schulz i ricordi che di Drohobycz hanno i pochissimi ebrei sopravvissuti alla
Shoa, i numerosi profughi polacchi del dopoguerra e gli ucraini di prima della
guerra che hanno vissuto i loro ultimi giorni nella città, non sarebbero stati
certo meno indelebili, né meno tragici. Ma con lui tutti quelli che sono nati a
Drohobycz e che ora sono sparsi nel mondo hanno un denominatore comune con cui
possono rappresentare meglio a se stessi e agli altri l'aritmetica della loro
vita, una formula magica che resta sempre efficace: Bruno Schulz. Bruno Schulz
(1892-1942) sarebbe diventato famoso anche senza la sua arte grafica. I due
piccoli volumi Le botteghe color cannella del 1934 e il Sanatorio all'insegna
della clessidra uscito nel 1937 presso l'editore Hanser, gli hanno procurato
riconoscimenti di portata mondiale. Sono nati dagli strati mitologici della
fantasia, profondi certo quanto i pozzi di petrolio di un tempo a Boryslaw, ma,
a differenza di questi, inesauribili. Bruno Schulz sarebbe diventato noto anche
solo con le parole. Ma raramente si trova in un artista un'opera visiva così
congeniale a quella verbale, come nel caso di Schulz. Le scene dallo Shtetl; e
quelle belle ragazze nude davanti alle quali uomini con lo stesso viso pieno di
passione si piegano fino a terra; quelle fantasmagoriche scene notturne e quelle
grottesche rivoluzioni nel ristretto ambiente, confortevole e minaccioso, della
piccola cittadina. E sempre il padre, padre e figlio. Schulz sarebbe impensabile
senza Drohobycz. Che fu l'inizio e la fine del suo mondo, Anche reale. I pochi
tentativi di diventare cittadino del mondo finirono sempre e per sempre a
Drohobycz. Invece di compiere gli studi a Vienna, invece delle gallerie parigine, conobbe il posto di insegnante ginnasiale ottenuto a fatica
nell'universo burocratico della Seconda Repubblica polacca. E l'universo
Drohobycz. Prima del 1941 Schulz non avrebbe mai pensato alle pitture murali. Già
nel 1939 aveva dovuto dipingere enormi immagini di Stalin su tela, ma la tecnica
della pittura murale allora gli era ancora sconosciuta. Ma anche dopo
l'occupazione nazista della sua città non è arrivato a usare questa tecnica
spontaneamente ma per necessità. Questa tecnica non era congeniale alla sua
opera ma piuttosto alle sue nuove condizioni di vita. Saul Raphael Landau, un
fervente sionista e stretto collaboratore di Theodor Herzl, poteva mai pensare
nel 1897 - quando arrivò a Drohobycz da Vienna per convincere gli ebrei che
lavoravano alle raffinerie ad andare in Palestina e per scrivere un libro sulle
loro condizioni di vita quasi inimmaginabili - che nel 1941 un altro Landau,
anche lui di Vienna, sarebbe arrivato a Drohobycz? E poteva immaginare che
questo secondo Landau avrebbe avuto a che fare con gli ebrei? Il capo delle Ss
Felix Landau, nato a Vienna nel 1910, viene trasferito nel 1941 a Drohobycz dove
si fa chiamare di buon grado "generale degli ebrei". Ha presso di sé
due bambini avuti dalla prima moglie da cui si è separato e una nuova compagna
molto giovane e determinata. Vanno ad abitare in un appartamento situato in una
bella casa, dall'aspetto piuttosto originale per Drohobycz, che ancora oggi
viene chiamata Villa Landau. Per amore verso l'amica, che egli sposa poco dopo,
Landau tiene un diario dove descrive la sua attiva partecipazione all'uccisione
degli ebrei. La giovane coppia, per noia e senso di solitudine, spara dal
balcone della villa sulle ragazze ebree che lavorano nel giardino sottostante.
Spesso spara anche su passanti. Ma Landau ha anche sensibilità per le cose
dello spirito. Ad esempio dirige un maneggio a Drohobycz riservato alle Ss e
alla Gestapo. E ne fa ornare le pareti da un certo insegnante di disegno del
luogo, che si dice sia un grande artista. A questo incarico ne seguono altri. Il
signor Landau è persona fine e autentico aristocratico. E anche un conoscitore
d'arte. E un buon padre. Il suo ebreo di Corte deve infine pitturare la stanza
dei bambini nel suo appartamento con figure tratte da fiabe tedesche. Ma non è
il solo ad avere ebrei di Corte. Il 19 novembre 1942, giorno che più tardi verrà
chiamato "giovedì nero", durante una selvaggia azione punitiva in cui
morirono 230 ebrei di Drohobycz, Bruno Schulz venne ucciso per la strada con un
colpo di pistola da un altro capo delle Ss, Karl Gunter. Qualche tempo prima
Landau ha ammazzato il suo dentista ebreo. Non era facile trovare le pitture. Ma
alla fine fu più facile di quanto ci aspettassimo. Passarono anni dopo la
guerra fino a che tornò il ricordo dell'esistenza di Schulz. Drohobycz
apparteneva all' Urss. Per dieci anni, dal 1948 al 1958, nell'appartamento dove
aveva vissuto il mecenate Landau, vissero delle persone che potevano vedere ogni
giorno le figure fiabesche dipinte sulle pareti di una piccola stanza: re e
regina, suonatori di flauto e danzatori, cocchi e nani. E un mostro. Ma senza
sapere nulla di Schulz. Nessuno nell'Urss doveva avere idea di chi fosse Schulz.
Passarono altri dieci anni fino a che alcuni ricercatori polacchi, soprattutto
Jerzy Ficowski, poeta e massimo conoscitore di Schulz, che era stato un tempo
prigioniero di un lager, poterono arrivare a Drohobycz. Ma le pitture risalenti
alla guerra erano state dappertutto coperte o anche cancellate. Anche sulle
pareti. E così non hanno trovato dipinti, nonostante avessero cercato a fondo.
Ma hanno scoperto degli allievi di Schulz che non erano stati uccisi e non erano
andati via dalla città. Allora erano 3, oggi sono solo 2. Trovare immagini è
anche il titolo del film che il regista Benjamin Geissler e suo padre, lo
scrittore Christian Geissler, hanno ideato. La preistoria, ossia il modo in cui
essi arrivarono a questa idea, non è meno avvincente e meno importante della
storia del film e degli affreschi. Ma non possiamo ancora rivelare troppo del
film che ancora non è finito. Ad ogni modo essi hanno deciso di cercare i
dipinti, andati perduti, della stanza dei bambini di Landau a Drohobycz.
All'inizio erano tutti scettici. E sono rimasti scettici fino alla fine, fino al
momento del ritrovamento. Anch'io ero scettico quando Benjamin Geissler mi aveva
chiamato, qualche settimana prima, domandandomi se ero d'accordo a fargli da
assistente nel suo nuovo film. Non ero scettico sul film in sé. Non credevo al
ritrovamento degli affreschi. Lui mi disse al telefono: "Io li troverò".
E aveva ragione. Il team del film è formato da quattro persone: i due Geissler,
Marek Slaski, il nostro direttore del suono polacco, e io, traduttore ucraino e
studioso di letteratura. Ci sono poi due assistenti di Lemberg e la padrona di
casa che ci ospita e che abita proprio di fronte ai giardini intorno a casa
Landau. Casa Landau spicca sulle altre: un creativo architetto polacco - così
si dice - l'aveva fatta costruire per sé. Nel periodo fra le due guerre c'era
qui la centrale di polizia di sotto e l'appartamento del capo della polizia al
piano superiore. L'alto tetto a punta si distingue dagli altri, si nota subito.
E per questo ha colpito anche Landau. Anche dopo la guerra abitarono lì in
successione varie persone. Ora, nell'appartamento, vive una coppia di coniugi
anziani. La stanza che era una volta dei bambini è ora la loro dispensa. Non è
vuota, ma non si può dire che la fortuna abiti in questa casa. Appena due
settimane prima che bussassimo alla sua porta, è morto il figlio della coppia.
Stava per compiere 50 anni. La madre, vestita di nero, piange tutto il tempo;
suo marito è costretto a letto da sei mesi per un arto fratturato. La donna ci
fa entrare generosamente e ci fa anche vedere le pareti. Non so cosa sia
successo, non capisco perché gli altri prima di noi non le abbiano viste. Forse
non riuscivano a immaginare che l'ambiente con gli affreschi fosse così
piccolo. Ma è sufficiente per ospitare due bambini. Forse non riuscivano a
credere che i figli del grande Landau avessero abitato in una stanza così
piccola, e hanno cercato solo negli ambienti più grandi. O forse i contorni
delle figure sono emersi solo con il tempo dagli strati sovrapposti nel
dopoguerra, e prima non erano visibili? Ora li abbiamo visti, scuri, confusi, ma
inequivocabili: danzatori e suonatori di flauto, gnomo e testa di cavallo. La
donna non sapeva che in casa sua c'erano degli affreschi. Non sapeva chi fosse
Bruno Schulz. Ha sentito parlare solo di Landau. Capisce solo il suo dolore, si
rallegra per noi, ma rimane disperata. Questo è successo un venerdì. Si
avvicina il fine settimana e la consapevolezza dell'importanza del ritrovamento
e del fatto che va protetto, ci dà una tensione quasi insopportabile. Nelle ore
e nei giorni successivi non si gira. Non si fa che telefonare, discutere,
chiedere, consigliare, organizzare: si chiama l'ambasciata tedesca, il ministro
della cultura ucraino, il produttore Peter Stockhaus, il Goethe Institut. Il
film si è arenato, la vita ha il sopravvento. Ci vuole la tutela per gli
affreschi di Schulz. E al tempo stesso bisogna tutelare la tranquillità degli
abitanti della casa, questo l'ha promesso Benjamin Geissler alla donna. Gli
affreschi devono essere tutelati e sono un bene culturale di tutti, non solo di
ucraini, tedeschi, o polacchi. La sfera privata degli abitanti dell'appartamento
va rispettata e bisogna andare incontro ai loro interessi. Gli affreschi vanno
portati alla luce, conservati o restaurati e il gruppo che sovrintende deve
essere internazionale. Deve essere creato un Museo per Bruno Schulz là dove
egli venne umiliato e sfruttato, dove viveva il complice del suo assassinio,
dove ora sono gli affreschi dipinti per i suoi bambini. Ma ora ci abitano delle
persone e se si vuol fare un museo, bisogna trovare al più presto i soldi per
risarcirle, per il restauro e per l'allestimento. La città da sola non ha fondi
sufficienti. Il giorno seguente i restauratori entrano in casa. E noi entriamo
per filmare. Vengono portati via sacchi di farina e barattoli di conserva,
vengono staccati dal muro con cautela. La signora in nero ci aiuta continuando a
piangere. L'ambiente è molto stretto. Ad una parete sono stati montati degli
scaffali di legno che rendono la stanza ancora più piccola. Senza di essi è
facile immaginare che ci sia stato spazio per due letti da bambini. Ma c'è
proprio poco spazio per due restauratori alle pareti, per uno che prende appunti
e due persone che filmano il tutto, senza parlare delle lampade e dei cavi. Gli
attrezzi dei restauratori si distinguono da quelli dei cineasti per la loro
semplicità: solo scalpello, ovatta, acqua e saliva. C'è anche poco tempo a
disposizione. E' febbraio e, sebbene non nevichi da qualche giorno e avanzi la
primavera, la luce del giorno dura sempre troppo poco. Ma le pitture vengono
alla luce in brevissimo tempo. Si trovano immagini anche dietro gli scaffali. Fa
molto caldo. Ed ecco che appaiono principessa e re, cavalieri e danzatori,
carrozze a cavalli e nani. E il mostro. Gli affreschi sono sicuramente di
Schulz: non è la sua tecnica, ma i volti sono i suoi. Gli esperti vanno via,
tornano a Varsavia e a Lemberg. Sono successe tante cose in queste due settimane. E' cambiato il tempo. Siamo cambiati noi
stessi. La prima fase delle
riprese cinematografiche è alla fine. Ora ognuno deve pensare ai doveri che
l'aspettano: i politici devono fare trattative sul destino degli affreschi, gli
esperti in Polonia e in Ucraina devono stabilire le modalità della loro
conservazione. Le autorità di Drohobycz tranquillizzano la vecchia padrona di
casa, i Geissler sono andati in Germania a trovare soldi- Io devo tornare a
Lemberg dai miei libri e dai miei allievi. Gli affreschi sono stati trovati, ora
si deve trovare il film. Le immagini del film. E i soldi. Un giorno prima della
partenza nevica di nuovo da pazzi. Il cerchio si chiude. I cerchi si chiudono
sempre se sono cerchi. (Traduzione di Paola Sorge)
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The New York Times , June 20, 2001 – Front-Page
Artwork by Holocaust Victim Is Focus of Dispute
By CELESTINE BOHLEN
(Al momento disponibile solo in
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A bitter international scandal has erupted in a city in Ukraine, about 30 miles from the Polish border, where last
month workers from Yad Vashem, Israel’s main Holocaust museum, chiseled five fragments from a newly discovered series of wall paintings.
They are the last known work of Bruno Schulz, a Polish Jewish writer, artist and Holocaust victim.
With that single act, whose legality is disputed, Yad
Vashem, the most august memorial to Jewish victims of Nazi
slaughter, has unleashed a rumble of protests through a part of Europe that still feels battered and bruised by a vicious and violent
century.
The Schulz murals, illustrations of Grimm fairy tales that decorated the nursery of a Gestapo officer’s son, have
been caught in the throes of that history. According to Yad Vashem, the fragments in its possession, which depict a princess, a horse-drawn
carriage and several shadowy figures, including two dwarfs, are now being restored. Plans call for them to be put on display at Yad Vashem’s
new historical museum in Jerusalem, which is to open in 2004.
Schulz, an evocative writer whose stylized drawings also have a cult following, painted the murals under duress. He
was working on them when he was shot to death on Nov. 19, 1942, in Nazi-occupied Drogobych (pronounced
droh-HOH-bich), or Drohobycz, as it
had been known between the wars, when it was part of Poland.
They were found last winter by Benjamin
Geissler, a German filmmaker, in an apartment inside the villa once
occupied by Franz Landau, the Gestapo officer who demanded them. Mr. Geissler, 37, had come to research a film on Schulz, a tragic figure
who, it was once said, was born an Austrian, lived as a Pole and died as a Jew.
In written statements, representatives of Yad Vashem defended the removal of the fragments. They said they had
approval from local authorities in Drogobych, a point that the authorities vehemently dispute.
But the crux of Yad Vashem’s argument refers to a higher claim to property left by Jewish Holocaust victims,
particularly in Poland, where the prewar Jewish community of 3.5 million has now dwindled to several thousand.
„Most of the Holocaust survivors live in Israel, but the remnants of the vibrant Jewish life, and of the
suffering of the victims and the survivors
are scattered throughout Europe,’’ wrote Lisa Davidson, an assistant spokeswoman for the museum.
„Therefore we have the moral right to those remnants.’’ This argument has been fiercely disputed in Poland,
where Schulz is seen first and foremost as a Polish writer. His luminous, sensuous style, in books like „The Street of Crocodiles‘‘
(originally titled „Cinnamon Shops’’) and „The Sanitorium Under the Sign of the Hourglass,’’ has earned him a faithful following
inside and outside Poland.
When Jerzy Ficowski, a Warsaw based author and editor who is Poland‘s leading expert on Schulz, heard that Yad
Vashem had taken the fragments, he dismissed it as an absurd impossibility.
„Alas, after a few days I had to retract my denials because Yad Vashem itself acknowledged what it considers to
be an act of justice, and what I consider a crime,’’ he said through a Polish translator.
Ms. Davidson of Yad Vashem said that Drogobych officials had told the museum’s representatives that the
disposition of the wall paintings was up to the Kaluzhni family, owners of the apartment where they had been found. She also said that the same officials
said that the city had final authority over the murals.
But Nikola Mykhac, head of the city’s cultural affairs department, said in a telephone interview that no one from
the city administration had given written or oral permission for removal or export of the fragments.
„There was no talk of taking away these effects,’’ he said. „We cannot even imagine how they could have
removed them from a technical point of view.’’ Mr. Mykhac said he only helped arrange an initial viewing of the wall paintings by the Yad Vashem
representatives.
Once the removal, which took place from May 19 to May 21, was discovered, the event become frontpage news in
Poland. Polish officials
issued a statement condemning the action, which they said bordered on vandalism, and cultural commentators delved
into the tricky question of whether Schulz was a Jewish author writing in Polish or a Polish author of Jewish origin.
Ukraine’s claim to Schulz, which is based purely on geography, is more accidental. But still,
Drogobych, once a
bustling multicultural center in Galicia, an Austro-Hungarian province, was where Schulz spent his first and final years. (He went to
university in Vienna, where his family fled just before World War I.) „This town and land became a self-sufficient microcosm, ‘‘ he
wrote in „The Republic of Dreams,’’ an essay.
„This was his small homeland, the only world where he could breathe and work, as he himself has said,’’ Mr.
Ficowski said. „He rejected all offers to move elsewhere, to Warsaw or wherever, because he was not able to create anywhere but
Drogobycz.
Thus his artwork was not only chopped up, and a part of it taken away; it was also wrenched from its most important
context.’’
Perhaps the most bitter reaction has come from Drogobych’s tiny Jewish community, made up of fewer than 400 Jews.
Dora Katznelson, 80, vice president of the Reform Jewish congregation in
Drogobych, was so infuriated that she sent
a letter to the Israeli government, which was later published in the Polish newspaper Gazeta
Wyborcza.
„Not just Jews and Poles,’’ Ms. Katznelson wrote, „but also Ukrainians who read every day in Ukrainian
newspapers about the barbarous theft of Schulz’s paintings, cry in wonder, Yad
Vashem? It’s impossible.‘‘
Born in Bialystok, in Poland, Ms. Katznelson has spent 40 years in Drogobych and said she had once seen firsthand
the city administration ‘s indifference to the legacy of the Jewish community. She was present in 1992 when a top city official declined
to accept a monument to Schulz sent by Israel on the 50th anniversary of his death, arguing that residents would criticize him
for raising a monument to „a stranger,’’ even though Schulz was a native son.
Anti-Semitism, which has deep roots in the region, has periodically erupted into violence, most virulently during
the Nazi occupation. The years under Soviet rule were marked by another kind of repression.
In Israel some have suggested that this history of intolerance was reason enough to remove the wall fragments to
Yad Vashem. „Who cares about them in Drogobych?’’ scoffed Yehuda Bauer, a former official at Yad Vashem who was quoted in Gazeta
Wyborcza on June 1.
Still, Ms. Katznelson is convinced that Drogobych is the right place
for a memorial to Schulz. „These were the last paintings of a great Polish Jewish artist, and as his last creation, it should stay here,’’ she said in an interview.
Even when they were thought to be lost, the murals have been an integral part of Schulz’s story. It was well
known that he had been commanded by Landau to decorate the walls of his son’s nursery in a villa that had itself been taken from a Jewish
family.
For 60 years the murals – not frescoes, since they were not painted in fresh plaster but in a compound made from
cheese Ñ went undetected in the Villa Landau, as the building came to be known. It had been divided into five apartments after Drohobych
became part of the Soviet Ukraine after World War II.
It was only last February, when Benjamin Geissler and his father, Christian
Geissler, arrived to research their
film, that a close inspection was finally made of the tiny pantry off the kitchen in the apartment of Nikolai
Kaluzhni, a former Communist
Party clerk, and his wife, Nadezhda.
There, behind the onions and garlic and beneath a coat of rose-colored paint, the Geisslers found the faint outline
of Schulz’s sketches. Later Polish and Ukrainian experts came to the apartment, cleaned some parts of the walls and confirmed that the
work was Schulz’s.
Afterward, Benjamin Geissler began a campaign to raise money to turn the Villa Landau into a museum to Schulz and
to resettle the current tenants. Anticipating the danger of looters, he also wrote to the Ukrainian Culture Ministry, asking for guards at
the site.
He received no response. Later, when he went to Jerusalem to interview survivors of the Drogobych ghetto, officials
at Yad Vashem gave him no indication of their plans, he said.
Meanwhile, Benjamin Geissler said, he received a letter from Mr.
Kaluzhni, dated May 17, saying that a group from
Israel was ready to pay $3,000 for the murals, which, according to the city, had become his property through the process of privatization.
In the letter Mr. Kaluzhni said he had refused the offer. What happened next is unclear, but two days later, the
crew from Yad Vashem, led by a Ukrainian immigrant to Israel, arrived.
All together, five fragments – the three large sketches, each roughly one-and-a-half square feet, and two smaller
patches – were removed after gauze was taped on the wall to protect the surface. The crew applied gauze to another fragment but left it
behind. How the fragments were taken out of the country is not clear: under laws from the Soviet era, export of cultural property created
before World War II requires approval from the Ukrainian Ministry of Culture.
According to diplomats from both countries, the Ukrainian and the Polish governments have filed formal inquiries
with the Israeli government.
But so far, they said, they have received no response.
Presumably, much more of the original murals remains in the apartment, but it is uncertain how or when the work
will be uncovered.
„The picture is destroyed,’’ Mr. Geissler said in a telephone interview from Hamburg, „and nobody will know
the whole picture. For me, it is very tragic to see Bruno Schulz only as a Jewish victim or only as a Polish writer. He is simply Bruno
Schulz, and this is a violent postmortem attack against him.
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The New York Times , November 18, 2002 – Arts
In Search of a Creative Light the Nazis Tried to
Blot Out
By
CELESTINE BOHLEN
(Al momento disponibile solo in
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So much about the life of Bruno Schulz, the elusive Jewish writer and artist from Poland, was
lost or destroyed in the years after a Gestapo officer shot him dead in the street in 1942 that it is something of a miracle that even
fragments have survived at all.
Schulz wrote several thousand letters, of
which only about 150 are preserved. Most of his artwork disappeared after it was consigned by Schulz to an unidentified friend for
safekeeping. The manuscript of his unfinished novel, "Messiah," has never surfaced, despite several intriguing leads followed by
Jerzy Ficowski, a Polish poet and the leading authority on Schulz.
Even the fragments of a legendary wall
painting, done by Schulz under Nazi duress and discovered in February 2001, have been dispersed. In May 2001 a crew from Israel chiseled
five patches off the wall of a pantry in the Ukrainian city of Drohobych and took them to Yad
Vashem, the Holocaust memorial in Jerusalem.
The deed was done without public debate or
scrutiny, but a furious international debate erupted soon after over where the pieces of Schulz's shattered legacy would best be honored.
The Ukrainian government eventually filed a protest, and in Drohobych, or Drohobycz as it was known between the wars, local officials who
approved the illegal removal of the works were thrown out at the last elections.
Since then more patches have been found and
transferred to a Ukrainian museum.
In New York the debate picks up again
tomorrow at the Center for Jewish History, where a documentary by the German filmmaker who discovered the wall paintings is being presented
on the 60th anniversary of Schulz's murder, along with two recently translated books, one by Mr.
Ficowski.
The opening scene of the film,
"Finding Pictures," sets the theme. "We are looking for the pictures, the lost pictures of Bruno Schulz," says Christian
Geissler in an interview with one of the few Jewish survivors of the slaughter at
Drohobych. Benjamin Geissler, Christian Geissler's son,
wrote and directed the film.
The film cuts from the search to the
discovery, from the past to the present, from the story of Felix Landau, the Nazi officer who put Schulz to work painting murals and other
pictures for him, to a transcontinental dialogue about the hasty removal of the wall fragments, which became known as filming was under way.
The documentary also includes one more find
in the continuing pursuit of Schulz's legacy: a wooden box with an inlaid picture of a young girl riding a horse, which in the film is
declared by a visibly moved Mr. Ficowski definitely to be the work of Schulz. It was found by Benjamin Geissler in the possession of
Landau's son, now living in Vienna, and was given by Mr. Geissler to Schulz's nephew, now living in Cologne.
Filmed in six countries with interviews
done in various languages of the Jewish diaspora, the film is a montage without a narrating voice, punctuated with readings from Schulz's
published works.
"In the film, I have put together
fragments and associations in the style of Schulz — in his phrase, `the crosstalk of birds' — which means that the viewers have to make
up their opinion of what they see," said Mr. Geissler, who has come to New York from Hamburg for the world premiere of "Finding
Pictures."
The filmmaker argues that the drawings
found in what had once been the nursery of the Landau children are not simply renderings of Grimm fairy tales, as many believed. He points
out that the face of a red-coated coachman resembles that of Schulz himself and that the face of the queen — one of the fragments taken to
Israel — is remarkably similar to that of Landau's mistress.
Furthermore, he argues, the faint remains
of a painting of a forest, found above the door of the pantry-nursery, could well be a haunted reference to
Bronica, the site of a mass
grave dug for Jews and by Jews outside Drohobych.
"The double sense of the picture is
that he tells the real story of what is going on, but as a fairy tale," Mr. Geissler said. "He knew then that every day of those
days could be the last day of his life. When you are an artist, you want to leave a message."
The forsaken city of Drohobych itself is
one of the characters of the film. Once a thriving town in the Austro-Hungarian region of
Galicia, Drohobych changed names and countries
after World War II and turned into a drab, dismal outpost of the Soviet empire.
Schulz's attachment to Drohobych was well
known and, Mr. Ficowski says, was a source of anguish for his literary friends in Warsaw, who as it happened had arranged for his escape on
Nov. 19, 1942 — a day known as Black Thursday, when Schulz and 264 other Jews were killed in the streets during a murderous outburst by
the Nazi occupiers.
In his book "Regions of the Great
Heresy" (W. W. Norton), a biographical sketch now updated with an account of the recovery and, in his view, loss of the Drohobych wall
paintings, Mr. Ficowski recounts Schulz's poignant and ultimately tragic attachment to his hometown.
"Only Drohobycz and its environs
inspired Schulz to recreate the charm of myths encountered in childhood," Mr. Ficowski wrote in the book, which is being presented in
tomorrow's event at the center. He added: "For Schulz, drawing upon his imagination was at the same time a process of drawing upon
memory — not what he termed `biographical' memory, whose lack he felt in himself — but an emotional `memory of climates.' "
In the other new book, "Drohobycz,
Drohobycz and Other Stories" (Penguin), a collection of 13 tales from the Holocaust by the Polish-American writer Henryk
Grynberg,
Schulz's death is recalled by one of the few survivors of the Nazi slaughter: another testimony to a life that, remarkably after 60 years,
continues to be freshly remembered.
As the tale of the Drohobych wall paintings
proves, even the process of putting together the fragments of that memory is still painful, but the resulting debate has added new life to
Schulz's reputation. "What is important now," Mr. Geissler said, "is that people speak of Schulz."
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KINO 5/2003 - Poland
What
happened in Drohobych
Tadeusz Lubelski
43rd Annual Cracow Film Festival
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This year’s Cracow Film Festival will be
held between May 28th and June 1st. The Selection Committee, chaired by Jadwiga Głowa, has
already narrowed down the field of almost 1300 submissions to a group of 62 international and 40 Polish entries in the two competitions. With 8 entries, Russia has more films in the international competition than any other single
country. The domestic film competition has traditionally been dominated by documentary films;
this year will be no exception.
Among the films vying for the Golden Dragon
this year, “Der Er En Yndig Mand,” (This Charming Man) this year’s Oscar-winning short film from Danish director Strange-Hansen, and
Kenneth Branagh’s “Listening,” are both drawing a lot of attention. Michał
Bukojemski, Grzegorz Królikiewicz and Maria Zmarz-Koczanowicz are all represented in the domestic competition by their latest works. Four films have qualified for entry into both competitions: the animated film “Katedra” (The
Cathedral) by Tomasz Bagiński, the feature film “Moje Miasto” (My Town) by Marek Lechki and two documentaries: “Życie przed tobą” (The Life in Front of You) by Maciej Adamek and Jacek Bławut’s
“Kraj urodzenia” (Your Native Country).
The brothers Stephen and Timothy Quay,
makers of animated films, will be awarded this year’s “Dragon of Dragons” for overall achievement.
Piotr Dumała will be contributing an essay on their work to our next issue.
[The
Quay Brother’s animated adaptation of Bruno Schulz’s The Street of Crocodiles is well known in Poland
–trans.] The Polish premiere of the feature-length documentary film about Bruno Schulz, “Bilder finden” (Finding Pictures)
by Benjamin Geissler, screened outside the competitions, is sure to be another highlight of this year’s festival.
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“Bilder finden” (Finding Pictures) qualifies as one of the few documentary works which will be remembered not only for having
documented an important chain of events, but for having triggered one as well. It also boasts
an intriguing and multifaceted structure, that offers, for Polish audiences especially, an array of unexpected new perspectives.
In addition to the main story (more about
that below), a wealth of provocative motifs lie beneath the immediate surface of “Finding Pictures”.
One of these is the fascination of the father figure. This motif comes up in Schulz’s
prose, but in the film, the only references to that fact are the fragments from Schulz’s Sklepy Cynamonowe (Cinnamon Shops), read
aloud off camera in English translation and illustrated with pictures created especially for the film. On the other hand, though never expressly mentioned, the motif itself echoes throughout the film: the narrator and “guide”
to the world the film creates is Christian Geissler, the director’s father. Although 39 year
old filmmaker Benjamin Geissler has always been interested in the German/Polish question (his last film “Zeitsprung” [Time Warp], which
is set in Upper Silesia, was shown at the Cracow Film Festival three years ago), the actual impetus for “Finding Pictures” was his
father’s. The author Christain Geissler (whose book The Sin of the Fathers helped
start the debate in the German literary scene of the early 1960’s about the guilt carried by the German people for the evils committed in
WWII.) had long admired the prose and figure of Bruno Schulz, and he passed along to his son not only this love, but the idea for the
subject of the documentary film as well. The subject, one he had run across it in the Schulz
biography by Jerzy Ficowski (who also appears in the film) was that of certain frescoes, yet to be located, but known to have been painted
by Schulz during the occupation at the request of Felix Landau, a Gestapo officer under whose “protection” the artist was living. The son took up this suggestion and cast his father, appropriately, in the role of the investigation’s
muse. In February, 2001, the film team headed out to Drohobych [W. Ukraine], where – within a
matter of days – they were to make their exciting discovery. Their search led them to the
apartment of the Kaluzhnyis, an elderly Russian couple in failing health. The apartment had
been used by Landau during the occupation. In what had once been a child’s room, but had since been converted into a pantry, Geissler discovered the frescoes that
no one else had been able to locate.
The story of these frescoes, uncovered
before the audience’s very eyes, dominates the film’s surface, forming its main theme. The
documentary follows the drama of their story as it unfolds. We watch Alfred
Schreyer, a former
student of Schulz’s, as he leads the filmmakers to a Polish acquaintance, Apolonia
Kluegler, and then, as he phones the Kaluzhnyjs, on her
advice. He establishes that the apartment they are living in had indeed once been Landau’s. We
see the team arrive at the Kaluzhnyjs’ and watch as they uncover the first evidence that the frescoes are in the pantry. ‘Gott
sei dank!’ cries Christian Geissler. ‘They’re
here! How can we film them?’
‘It’s a
miracle,’ adds Schreyer. It is a miracle. The
frescoes had been waiting there, undiscovered, for decades. Agnieszka Kijowska and Wojciech
Chmurzyński from Warsaw and Borys Woznicki from Lvov, art-experts called in from the Polish-Ukrainian Commission, set to work – on camera – uncovering the frescoes the filmmakers have discovered.
‘Oh my God,’ gasps Woznicki. ‘God Almighty,’ echoes Chmurzyński,
‘it evokes his self-portraits!’
And then, towards the end of the film, we
learn about the theft of the frescoes by the Yad Vashem Institute.
‘They pulled out all
the stops, and, as we say here in Drogobycz, they made the father of all fools out of them,’ comments Mrs.
Kluegler.
From the outset we understand that the real
protagonist of the film is Bruno Schulz. It is he that is the focus of all this effort, it
is around him that all the activity centers, and it is the hope of uncovering something new about him that is driving all of the people
involved in the filming.
And yet, the longer we watch the film, the
more elusive the secrets of the great artist become. A foreigner from the outset, an outsider among the nouveau riche residents of pre-war
Drohobych: who was this dried-up, neglected man, always in that same jacket, whom the school children preferred
to ignore? Did he really love the women he was living with? Did anyone recognize his genius at
the time? Did he himself somehow sense what was going to happen to him? Was he truly the masochist that people see in his self-portraits? How, then,
are we to explain the fact we can now discern those very same features in the faces of the fairy-tale figures drawn on the walls of the four
year old son of one of Hitler’s stable of killers?
As the
film progresses, we come to understand that the protagonist of the film is not in fact Bruno Schulz, nor yet the German author, Christian
Geissler, who has set us on his trail. The real protagonist of “Pictures” is the whole
colorful and multilingual band of individuals who appear in front of Benjamin Geissler’s camera, each in some way bound up with Schulz’s
story. And even those who don’t appear: those who are present only in photographs or as names
on gravestones, like the secretive Felix Landau (1910-1983), or the man whose voice is heard over a telephone line, Wolf Dieter Landau, now
living in Australia but once the four year old resident of the bedroom, who cannot remember anything about the frescoes that were painted
for him. Alfred Schoenfeld from Paris, Yehuda Bronicki and Benio Loeffelstiel from Israel, Dora
Kacnelson and Maurycy Weiss from Drohobych, and Wilhelm Koch from Stuttgart– each shares with us a piece of the story of Bruno Schulz, but
in doing so each reveals some part of his or her own story as well, and we sense that any one of them could be the protagonist of a separate
documentary. This intangible, elusive band plaiting together all their destinies, past and
future: surely this is the very theme that Bruno Schulz himself used to dream of capturing.
Perhaps the features that characterize this group portrait can be best observed in the figure of Alfred
Schreyer. A handsome, distinguished, elderly man, he has lived his entire life in
Drohobych. In fact the subtlest element in this group portrait is that of the encounter between Alfred Schreyer
and Christian Geissler– similar in age, so very different in other ways. The quiet,
unimposing, contented writer from Germany, meets Alfred Schreyer, the Jewish-Polish intellectual – impressive, constantly reveling in his
own charm, yet unsatisfied. ‘I could have emigrated to Germany after the war,’ says Schreyer at one point, ‘but I didn’t
want to. My mother died here, my family died here. I
wanted to stay in Drohobych. I didn’t want to die in Germany.
Do you understand?’ The moment when Christian Geissler takes off his cap and
answers, ‘I understand. God knows, I do understand’, struck me as the most beautiful
scene in the film. Might this one “found picture” have been what drew Benjamin Geissler to Drohobych?
Bilder finden
Finding Pictures
(Odnaleźć obrazy)
Director, Camera,
Editing: Benjamin Geissler. Idea: Christian Geissler, Benjamin Geissler. Sound: Marek Śląski. Music: Guglielmo Pagnozzi. Production: Benjamin Geissler Filmproduktion, Germany 2002. Length: 106 min.
Stampa internazionale / Critiche – Indice
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CORRIERE DEL TICINO –
MERCOLEDÌ 13 AUGOSTO 2003, CULTURA & SPETTACOLI
56° Festival Internazionale del Film Locarno
SETTIMANA DELLA CRITICA
ARTISTA EBREO LI AVEVA DIPINTI PER UN GERARCA NAZISTA
Alla ricerca di affreschi perduti
Il rocambolesco ritrovamento, durato tre anni, dell’opera di Bruno Schulz
Stampa internazionale / Critiche – Indice
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Erik Bernasconi
Come nei migliori romanzi polizieschi Bilder finden
(All'ombra dei muri) parte alla scoperta di una verità, per poi approfittare del viaggo che la ricerca impone e fare propri i luoghi percorsi e le vicende che li caratterizzano. A questo modo Benjamin Geissler, su un’idea di suo padre Christian, nel 1999 parte sulle tracce di alcuni affreschi di Bruno Schulz, scrittore ebreo che aveva vissuto fra il ’41 e il '42 a Drohobycz, paesino attualmente in Ucraina. Riuscendo laddove altri prima di lui avevano fallito, il regista ritrova gli affreschi (coperti da una mano di bianco), nello sgabuzzino malandato di un appartamento ucraino. Si tratta di illustrazioni murali di alcune favole, che lo scrittore aveva dipinto per i bambini di Felix Landau, ufficiale della gestapo che lo aveva preso a servizio come pittore privato, prima della sua esecuzione. La trama principale dell'affascinante documentario è dunque il rinvenimento di questi perduti affreschi. Gustosa la prima fase dell’inchiesta, con il padre del regista, accompagnato da Alfred Schreyer, che si muove nel paesino ucraino fra telefonate e visite ad autoctono, catturando al contempo interessanti attimi di vita quotidiana e testimonianze su quanto acadeva sessant’anni prima.
Arriviamo nel gennaio 2001, al primo impatto dei personaggi con il prezioso sgabuzzino, che regala ai presenti e quindi allo spettatore sensazioni da tomba di Tutankhamon. Seguono le indagini degli esperti d'arte polacchi, che fanno riapparire piano piano le agognate immagini a favore della telecamera. Viene così certificato in diretta che si tratta proprio di Bruno Schulz, esponente dell’avanguardia polacca riconducibile stilisticamente a Goya e all'espressionismo. Ma nel maggio 2001 intervengono alcuni membri della Yad Vashem, il memoriale dell'Olocausto, che staccano i due affreschi principali e li trafugano, portandoli illegalmente a Gerusalemme. La delusione e rabbia regnano fra le autorità polacche e ucraine (quest'ultime però forse compiacenti nell'operazione), e fra gli abitanti della regione. Alfred Schreyer confessa di non poterne più di tutto il movimento creato da questo caso e di aver paura ormai di rispondere al telefono... Da notare però che cinque pezzi minori della composizione sono rimasti sulle pareti, ed esposti poi in
Polonia.
Bilder finden ci restituisce dunque un’intrigante indagine su alcuni reperti artistici, ma questo è solo il minor pregio dell' opera. Tramite interviste, sovrapposizioni di disegni, brani di opere letterarie dello scrittore o del diario di Landau, vengono tratteggiate le figure che sono il motore principale di tutta l'operazione. La ricostruzione storica si avvale anche di testimonianze di discendenti del gerarca nazista e di immagini di cavalli, da lui molto amate e presenti negli ormai famosi affreschi. Ma soprattutto veniamo inseriti nei dolori e nelle curiosità degli abitanti di Drohobycz, con franca
delicatezza.
Stampa internazionale / Critiche – Indice
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Presupposti storici
- Ucraina - Polonia - Galicia - Drohobycz
(Al momento disponibile solo in
inglese.)
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More than almost every other region in
Europe, Galicia was under the rule of and influenced by the interests of various empires, nations, political systems and religions.
After Poland had been divided in the 18th
century by the Prussians, Austria and Russia, Galicia fell prey to the Habsburger Empire in 1772. The social structures of the
Polish-Lithuanian empire remain basically unchanged under Austrian rule, which meant that the conflicts caused by religious differences,
different languages and social problems remained unchanged.
Lwow (German
Lemberg), today's capital
of the Ukrainian Oblast L'viv and the former capital of the Austrian territories of Galicia and
Lodomeria, was a center of Polish
nationalism with its Polish university. Whereas the Catholic Church was the center of crystallization for Polish nationalism, the
Vatican-oriented Uniated Church with its Ruthenian rites was the center of Ukrainian nationalism. Time and again throughout the centuries,
persecution of and pogroms against the Galician Jews took place. In part, they were even demanded by church authorities. Not until 1867, in
the course of the Josephinian Reforms, was there a legal declaration of equality, which was supposed to "civilize" the Jews.
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Once they began pumping oil, a Jewish
proletariat also developed there. Nearly 15% of the Jewish population worked in the field of agriculture. The more relaxed national laws led
to the situation that there were once again more Jewish barkeepers, tax agents and estate stewards. In that way, Jews became middlemen
between the town and the countryside, between the estate owners and the peasants, not only in regard to the increasing social and economic
conflicts at the time of industrialization, but also concerning the intensifying national and religious contradictions between Poles,
Ruthenians and Austro-Germans, between Catholics, Russian Orthodox and Uniates. Galician-Polish politicians used the Jews to stir up public
opinion against the Habsburg administrators and divert it from the Polish landowners.
During that time, students from
Kharkiv, who fought for a national revolution and were Marxist-oriented, founded the 'Revolutionary Ukrainian Party' which became the
'Ukrainian Social Democratic Party' in 1905.
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The First World War which also took
place in what is now The Ukraine meant six years of war and civil-war-like destruction: With the collapse of Germany and Austro-Hungary,
those two countries lost their influence on area of The Ukraine. When a West Ukrainian People's Republic was declared in Lemberg on 13
November 1918, the Polish troops attacked immediately and conquered Lemberg before November was over. The Allies allowed the newly founded
Republic of Poland, which was now on the winning side, to occupy this Eastern territory all the way to the old Austro-Russian border. Very
bitter fighting took place between the Red Army and the anti-Bolshevik White Troops under General
Denikin, who had set up a military
dictatorship in the eastern and southern Ukraine. Under the White dictatorship, the so-called 'League for the Destruction of the Jews' was
organized. Every member was required to 'annihilate' 500 Jews during his life and was given 1,000 rubles each for every victim. In April
1920, Poland's nationalistic leader Pi³sudski signed an agreement with Petljura, the strong man of the White Ukrainian military state. Just
a few days later, Poland marched into the Ukraine and occupied Kiev on 7 May. Ancient dreams of a nationalistic Poland appeared to become
reality. But the Red Army, whose political War Commissioner was Josef Stalin, led a quick counter-attack. The Polish attack on Kiev, 'the
cradle of the Russian nation', unleashed a wave of patriotism within Soviet Russia. Even former top-ranking Czarist officers joined the Red
Army.
In 1921, the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet
Republic was founded with Kharkiv as its capital.
In 1922, the USS was one of the
founding nations of the USSR. The western Ukraine with Lemberg / Lwow remained under Polish jurisdiction until 1939.
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Until 1924, that is, until Stalin's
autocratic rule in 1928, Jews were declared equal to everyone else in the Soviet Union. In 1924, they began the process of 'deporting Jews
to the countryside'. In 1927, Jews were resettled in Birobjian in the Biurejage Mountains near the Chinese border. In 1934, Birobjian was
declared an 'autonomous Jewish district'.
From 1928-32, a national campaign was
carried out in the USS against the 'Kulaks' (large landowners in Czarist Russia). Their estates were located primarily along the border to
what is now Moldavia. The area was called the 'grain belt of old Russia'. (This area was also later of immense economic interest to the
National Socialists.)
The grain requisition and forced
collectivization in the area of agriculture, which also affected middle-sized farms, led to a time of famine during the winter of 1932-33
resulting in the death of at least one million people in the USS. The number of victims in the entire Soviet Union is estimated to be about
six million. Exact figures are still not available today.
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The severe economic crisis and the
strengthening of anti-Jewish parties and movements all over Europe led to a rejuvenation of anti-Semitism in Poland as well. In the end,
even the official state policy and the Catholic Church took on that attitude. In addition to the well-known accusations, Jews were also
blamed for collaborating with the Bolsheviks. During the time from 1933 to 1939, the governmental relationship between Poland and Germany
was extremely good. There were even visions of attacking the Soviet Union together. Similar to the Nazis, there were plans being made even
within the State Department to send the Jews not only to Palestine, but also to Madagascar. In the autumn of 1938, following the German
Empire's annexation of Austria, the Polish government took away the citizenship of 20,000 Jews living there, in order to prevent them from
returning to Poland. After that, the National Socialists made their regulations regarding the deportation of Polish citizens more severe. In
October, under cover of darkness, they transported 17,000 to 20,000 Jews to the border, in order to deport them. The Polish side closed its
borders and countered by deporting German Jews.
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In 1939, the western Ukraine was
annexed by the Soviet Union in the course of the Hitler-Stalin Pact and became a part of the USS.
From 1941-44, the entire Ukraine was
occupied by German and Romanian troops, who had signed a pact with the Germans. Galicia became part of the German General Gouvernement in
1941. Lots of the Ukrainians celebrated the German occupation troops as liberators and were signed up in the lists as ethnic Germans. The
Ukrainians also joined the SS and Waffen SS regiments. Others became notorious overseers at German concentration camps. It often seemed as
if these people who were 'only ethnic Germans' had to prove how German they were by being especially brutal in their treatment of the
'subhuman creatures'. Between five and eight million were killed during this period of National Socialistic occupation. Ukrainian Jewry was
eradicated.
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Towards the end of the Second World
War, Stalin (and the Soviet Union) didn't only want Poland's western border to move further west because of the reparation demands. He also
wanted to disrupt the long-term relationship between Poland and Germany. 1.6 million Poles were resettled from the former eastern regions of
Poland to the former eastern regions of the German Empire. Especially members of the
intelligentsia were deported from the cities.
The majority of those people living in
the Soviet Union with its 1.125 million people who called themselves 'Poles' in 1990 are workers and peasants. But fewer and fewer of them
can speak Polish nowadays.
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While the signs became more evident
that the Soviet Union was disintegrating, the 'Taras Chevtshenko Ukrainian Language Society' was founded in February 1989 in The Ukraine;
the Ukrainian Memorial Society was founded in March 1989 in Kiev to investigate Stalinist crimes and repression as well as the famine of
1932-33; the right-wing nationalist party 'Narodni Ruch' was founded in September. Ukrainian became the official language in 1990, although
a majority of the population in the eastern Ukraine and in Kiev speak Russian, and both languages are used equally often in politics and in
the media. But in the western part of the Ukraine people speak Ukrainian.
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After the Soviet Union collapsed and
The Ukraine declared its independence in August 1991, the population's standard of living decreased tremendously. On the one hand, a large
part of the population is barely surviving beneath the level of subsistence, although the state subsidizes bread, fuel for heating and
public transportation. On the other hand, there is a small class of 'nouveau riche' which is nearly identical with the class of
functionaries. One result of this disparity is the enormous increase in crimes during recent years.
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The explosion of the reactor in
Chernobyl contaminated the western Ukraine. The sarcophagus, the concrete shell surrounding the reactor, threatens to collapse. A second
shell would cost about 1.3 billion dollars, a price The Ukraine is unable to afford.
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The old mines and heavy industries have
no money to modernize and add filtering equipment. High emissions of hazardous wastes are the result. Insufficient cleansing of water leads
to the pollution of rivers and ground water. Consequently, drinking water is polluted by bacteria which acutely threaten people's health.
Basic medical care is very limited due to the enormous changes and lack of equipment. Doctors and hospitals often require services to be
paid in advance. As a result, cholera, diphtheria, typhoid and other diseases which can't be combated by means of vaccines are spreading.
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Drohobycz
(Al
momento disponibile solo in inglese.)
The small town of Drohobycz is situated
at the eastern base of the Carpathian Mountains in a gentle landscape surrounded by sleepy villages. Jews were first mentioned here in the
15th century. Drohobycz was one of the most significant centers of Jewish culture in Europe before the Second World War. IN 1939,
the population of Drohobycz consisted of 36,000, whereby 17,000 were Jews.
When the Wehrmacht marched in, they
brought along the specialists of the Carpathian Oil Corporation and sent them to the eastern Galician oil region in the swamps to the south
of Drohobycz. The Carpathian Oil Corp. set up its own work camp near Borislav in the county of
Drohobycz. The large majority of the 1,000
captives were Jewish laborers who wore an 'R' for 'refinery' next to their star.
The Germans established 'Ukrainian
Security Units' all over the county of Drohobycz. Their personnel was recruited among the local anti-Semites.
Most of the Jews were murdered in
Belzec, the extermination camp. But many of them were also shot in the forest of
Bronica, outside of town on the road to Sambor. 'General of
the Jews' Landau described it in his war diary:
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"At 6 a.m., I am suddenly wakened
from a deep sleep. Fall in line for an execution. Alright, I'll play the role of the executioner and after that the gravedigger. Why not? It
is strange. A man who loves to fight has to shoot up defenseless people. 23 are supposed to be shot. Among them are the two women I already
mentioned. They even refuse to drink a glass of water. I'm told to be one of the sharpshooters. I'm supposed to shoot any prisoners who
attempt to escape. We drive along the road for a few kilometers. We then go to the right, into the forest. We are only 6 men at the moment,
and we are looking for a suitable place to shoot and bury them. After a few minutes, we found a spot. The condemned line up with shovels to
dig their own graves. Two of them are crying. The others are amazingly courageous... The condemned are divided into three shifts, since we
don't have enough shovels here. It's strange, but I don't feel anything inside me. No sympathy - nothing - that's how it is - so
everything's okay for me... The hole slowly gets bigger. Two have collapsed from crying. I always let them dig longer, so they don't think
too much. While they're working they are actually calmer. All their valuables, like watches and money, are place in a pile. The two women
are taken to the one end of the ditch after everyone has been taken to a clearing nearby. Six men have been chosen to do the shooting.
3 men are to aim at the heart and 3 at
the skull. I take the heart. The shots ring out, and brain matter is sprayed everywhere. That's too much: two shots at the skull. The skull
is literally ripped away. Almost all of them drop to the ground without a sound. But with two of them it doesn't work. They cry and whine
for a long time. The next to the last group has to throw those who have already been shot into the mass grave. Then they have to line up
themselves, and they fall in all alone. The last two have to stand right on the edge, so they fall in correctly. Some of the dead bodies are
resituated with the rake, and then we begin to do our work as gravediggers. I'm dead tired by the time I get back, and we have to start our
work. We have to clean up everything in the building."
By 1944, only 400 Jews had survived in
Drohobycn.
A small new Jewish community has been
established in Drohobycz today. It consists primarily of elderly people. Most of them are survivors of the
Shoah. Some of them live very
lonely lives and often under very poor conditions in ramshackle buildings. In the spring of 1978, the roof truss of the 160-year-old
Drohobycz synagogue, which was once the nicest in all of Galicia, burned down. Apparently, someone manipulated the fuse box.
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Credits
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All'ombra dei muri
– un film di Benjamin Geissler
Christian
Geissler, Alfred Schreyer, Harry
Zeimer
Apolonia
Klügler, Vladimir Protasov †
Dora Kacnelson †, Mauricy Weiss †,
Nadija Kalushna, Larisa Kalushna - Ukraine -
Emmanuell Weintraub, Alfred Schönfeld † (OFF) - Paris -
Yehuda Bronicki, Benio Löffelstiel, Moussia
Zeimer,
Maria Biermann (OFF) - Israel -
and the Officials ...
Jerzy
Ficowski, Schulz Biographer - Warsaw,
Poland -
Agnieszka Kijowska, Marek Wojciech Chmurzyñski
- Experts of the Polish Cultur-Ministery
Warsaw, Poland -
Boris Wosnyzkyj - L'viv / Lemberg / Lwow
- Expert of the Ucrainian Cultur-Ministery
Kiev, Ukraine -
Wolfram Koch, Disrict Attorney, Stuttgart,
Germany
Tuviah Friedman, Institute of Documentation
in Israel
for the Investigation of Nazi War Crimes -
Haifa -
Dr. Mordecai
Paldiel, Director Righteous
Among the
Nations Department, Yad Vashem - Jerusalem,
Israel -
Teja-Udo Landau, Maria Landau - Vienna -
Wolf-Dieter Landau (OFF), Janina Landau
(OFF) - Australia -
e molti altri
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Idea: Christian Geissler
Ricerca, trattmento, regia, camera, effetti, montaggio: Benjamin
Geissler
Suono: Marek
Słąski
1. Assistente
all regia: Yuriy Prokhasko
2. Assistenti
all regia: Roman Dubassevych, Thomas Geldmacher
Produtore: Benjamin Geissler
Produtore essegutivo: Peter Stockhaus
Musica: Guglielmo Pagnozzi
Mixage: Markus Braak
Redazione: Beate Schönfeldt
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Una Benjamin Geissler Filmproduktion
con l'appoggio della Filmförderung Hamburg,
kulturelle Filmförderung des Bundes
(BKM), Mitteldeutsche Medienförderung,
kulturelle Filmförderung Mecklenburg - Vorpommern · in
co-operazione con arte / mdr
© Benjamin Geissler Filmproduktion MMII
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All'ombra dei muri
– Dati
technici
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Durata
e formato in 35mm: 106'15"
minuti,
colore , Stereo /Screen ratio: 1:1.85
Durata
e formato: in Video
(DVD, VHS + Beta SP / Digi-Beta): 102'10" minuti,
colore , Stereo / Screen ratio: 16:9
Versione originale: in tedescho, polacco, ucraino, inglese, russo,
francese e aramaico con sottotitoli tedeschi
Versione inglese:
Versione originale con sottotitoli
inglesi.
Luoghi
di riprese: Drohobycz, Est-Galizia / Ucraina;
Israele; Austria; Francia; Germania; Polonia
Girato
da Gennaio 2001 - Febbrario 2002.
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All'ombra dei muri
– Distribuzione
World Sales
e
Benjamin Geissler Filmproduktion
Grandweg 90 B
D-22529 Hamburg
Tel.: +49 - 40 - 551 66 82
info(at)benjamingeissler.de
Distribution in 35 mm -
English / German Version:
Stiftung Deutsche
Kinemathek, Berlin
info(at)kinemathek.de
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